Economists Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Economists - Essay Example Fisher was born in 1876 and received his Business Administration degree and Ph. D in Yale University. As the professor of economics and mathematics at Yale University, Irving Fisher developed extensive concepts concerning money supply and price fluctuations using mathematical evidence (Allen, 1977). Fisher was among the most accurate and leading economists of the 20th century. He used his acquired knowledge and skills from Yale to observe and analyze dramatic and complex macroeconomic events during his era. Fisher also proposed appropriate solutions to the Great Depression that crippled the U.S economy and other aspects of life. The crash of the stock market in the U.S in 1929 and consequential falling of stocks and goods’ prices prompted Fisher to revise his economic theories on price fluctuations, debt and the depression caused by these factors (Mendoza, 2009). Fisher formulated a debt-deflation theory and named the financial crisis, the Great Depression, which is currently used to relate to the economic recession in the U.S.The debt-deflation theory indicates that consumers borrow money for investment on speculation and imagine profits, which leads to losses, debt, deflation and pessimism. Thesis Statement: Irving Fisher has a significance impact on the prevailing U.S economy through his debt-deflation theory, which examines the causes of debt, the deflation and the solutions of the subsequent financial crisis in relation to the current U.S economic instability. Significance of Irving Fisher’s Debt-deflation Theory Irving Fisher’s debt-deflation theory was essential in the Great Depression era and in current U.S economic crisis because it clearly explains the factors that cause the debt and the resultant ripple effect on the economy. The U.S economy is essential in the global market because it is the largest trading partner in the world, which means its financial crisis affects all other foreign economies. The following are causes of deb t, stages of the financial crisis and proposed solutions as described and examined by Irving Fisher. a. Factors Led to the Great Depression i. Immediate Causes of Debt During the Great Depression, the two chief causes of debt for U.S citizens were over-investment, over-speculation and over-confidence (Fisher, 1933). Citizens, private sectors and the government borrowed money from banks, the federal government and other private financial lending institutions to conduct investments that they believed would result to higher returns and revenues. Many organizations and citizens wanted to invest borrowed money on new business ideas and receive abundant profits within a short time as compared to the ordinary investments that have moderate profits and interests. New inventions included building industries, railway lines, develop new resources, open real estates and new markets (Fisher, 1933). Financial lenders provided easy money, which led to over-borrowing. Most investors believe through speculation and over-confidence that they can borrow money at 6% and make profits of over 100% (Fisher, 1933). New industrial inventions and technology innovations prompted over-borrowing with the confidence of making a huge profit within a short period. Lucrative investment opportunities allowed people and organizations to have big debts. Major wars that the U.S initiated and

Nozicks argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nozicks argument - Essay Example The rights of others are usurped to a certain extent if governments implement projects for the benefit of the underprivileged compelling participation that could lucidly be illustrated through taxation. This proposition is not without its merit but there is more to human nature and the purpose of government that this absolutist disposition. If governments would not execute any effort and would only be constrained predominantly on enforcement then there would be no room for balancing out the virtue of equality among the people. Each would only look out for his own benefit that it will only be a conservatively utilitarian society. This is perceptibly nowhere near ideal for there will not only be a lack of justice but it also entails diminished moral ground. The gap in each social stratum will widen that it may result in social distress where chaos and anarchy may ensue because of the atmosphere of dissatisfaction. The primary function of any good government is the maintenance of order which can only be attained if people are satisfied with their lives. This is not often the case for every individual and this is where government sets in to intervene. Perhaps to an extent it appropriates more to some which came from others. But though there may not be a direct relationship to a man’s toil contributed for another’s benefit each person who contributes for the overall betterment of society gains an altruistic sense that helps society. This, above any other personal interest, is enough to refute Novick’s

Church of the Sagrada Familia | Architecture Analysis

Church of the Sagrada Familia | Architecture Analysis Apertures of Ascension: Style and Design in the Sagrada Familia by Antoni Gaudi The church of the Sagrada Familia, perhaps more than any of Gaudi’s earlier works, expresses his belief that a ‘mystic symbolism inhabits the form of architecture.’ (Schmutzler 1962, 212). The church was a lifetime commission and remained uncompleted upon his death in 1926 a reflection of the ambition and scale of the project. It has been described as the most important ecclesiastic building since the late eighteenth century (Schmultzer 1962, 227) with its most poignant features being the rich decoration and towers with their Expressionist shape and form. On the approach the eye is caught by the spindle-shaped towers ascending to differing heights. They were designed to represent the twelve Apostles, the Evangelists, Mary, with the tallest representing Jesus. One is immediately aware of the importance of verticality in Gaudi’s design both in the exterior and interior. The towers are yet to be completed, with work currently underway on constructing the tower of Jesus. However, the finished towers are strikingly tapered, standing proud against the skyline. Gaudi was a great believer in the importance of spiritual meaning in architecture and this is reflected in the placing of a symbol of each apostle on the highest point of each tower on the meeting place between the sky and the extent of the structure. The towers are decorated with Hosanna, Excelsis, and Sanctus, and the doors of the Passion faà §ade reproduce words from the Bible in different languages. Yet the placing of the symbols in such a prominent position is paramount here as it suggests that a language of symbols, without words, is the ultimate form of communication between man and God. In the model of the Sagrada Familia (see below) we see the tower of Jesus bearing the symbol of the cross itself pointed and finite: Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagrada_familia This image of the structure tapering to a single point, with all its supporting towers, illustrates Gaudi’s belief in the human effort to have faith in the single, omnipotent presence of God. This sense is conveyed upon entering the church when one becomes fully aware of the monumental scale of the structure and the diversity of forms which are incorporated into the design. Gaudi wanted to disassociate himself from the Gothic features of existing cathedrals, such as Chartres, where flying buttresses and external buttresses are an expected feature. The interior arches are thus not common in western architectural tradition and use non-circular shapes, called ‘parabolic’ or ‘catenary.’ (Huerta 2006: 324). The arches of the interior and the towers of the exterior both seek the same lines of ascension. Furthermore, there is a twofold sense of the infinite in both the interior and exterior design: firstly, the fact that the plans for both inside and outsid e have still not yet been executed illustrates how Gaudi’s ideas transcended the timeframe in which he had to work and might even exceed the 100th anniversary of his death. Secondly, it is evident that Gaudi wanted the finished Sagrada Familia to be a structure of indefinite permanence this can be seen in his use of weight bearing columns instead of flying buttresses. He refused to use the gothic buttresses, stating that they were akin to the ‘crutches of a cripple.’ http://www.gaudiclub.com/ingles/i_vida/i_sagr2.asp. Furthermore, the fact that his buttresses were inside the building was imperative to him, as they avoided being subjected to the elements, which would have accelerated their deterioration and threatened the building’s permanence. There is perhaps even a symbolic meaning to this inclusion of the buttresses: it might suggest that spiritual strength in a human being as well as a building is internal and people should look within themselves for the way to communicate with God and not to others, or the material world. The Sangara Familia appears from the outside as a slender, insurmountable form, with the towers having an organic texture, like that of a honeycomb or wattle. This might be Gaudi suggesting that the natural world is imbued with spiritual importance with features such as the honeycomb having an intrinsic place within God’s design. As it has been said of Gaudi’s work, ‘artifice is made to resemble nature and nature to resemble artifice; contradictions are harmonized; planes, lines and intersections are constrained; the subtle and the hazy are cast in bronze and set in stone; music is injected into the solid, colour into the air, and even soul into mathematics. (Cassou et al 1962, 23). This tendency of Gaudi’s to decorate and design using natural imagery is continued in the interior with a richness of decoration and the inclusion of spiral staircases in the apse and bell towers. In the windows of the apse there are many features which are inspired from natur e, and are enhanced by light and shade contrasts. http://www.sagradafamilia.org/eng/index.htm. The subtle play on light in the interior is developed more expressively on the extravagant and diverse exterior facades, where the Nativity spires have colourful textured surfaces made of Gaudi’s technique of using mosaic tiles and broken Venetian glass. Figures of an emancipated Christ are juxtaposed against this rich decoration. Indeed, Gaudi has been described as not just an architect, but as a sculptor too, possessing the ‘ability to imbue structures with sculptural qualities, to conceive of architecture as a large shape that can be experienced tactually.’ (Collins 1962, 10). Yet his techniques differ considerably from one part of the church to the next. In the inner faà §ade of the transept we see geometrically pure, rectangular, rectilinear, or cubic forms (Schmutzler1962:,227), radically different to the prismatic external towers. It is as if he wanted his building to be prophetic, to see beyond the time of which it was born to the more dynamic eras ahead. This is reflected in his diverse style and his intention for the building to be illuminated at night to ‘proclaim the Almighty God.’ (Collins et al 1962, 161). He thus gave the spires openings where searchlights were to be installed, focusing on a huge cross on the central cupola and on the street below, reflecting his wish that the building’s presence could be felt and seen by all those in its vicinity, and for a long time to come. Bibliography Cassou, J., Langui, E., Pevsner, N., 1962, Gateway to the Twentieth Century: Art and Culture in a Changing World. New York: McGraw-Hill Crasemann Collins, C, ( transltr), Christiane Crasemann; Conrads, U., and Sperlich, H.G., 1962, The Architecture of Fantasy: Utopian Building and Planning in Modern Times. New York: Frederick A. Praeger Huerta, S., 2006, ‘Structural Design in the Work of Gaudi.’ Architectural Science Review. Volume: 49. Issue: 4. P. 324+. University of Sydney, Faculty of Architecture Schmutzler, R., 1962, Art Nouveau. New York: Harry N. Abrams URL’S Antoni Gaudi Website. Available from:  http://www.gaudiclub.com/ingles/i_vida/i_sagr2.asp  [Accessed 06/03/07] Online Encyclopaedia. Available from:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagrada_familia  [Accessed 06/03/07] Sagrada Familia information pages. Available from:  http://www.sagradafamilia.org/eng/index.htm.  [Accessed 06/03/07] Spectroscopy of Salicylates | Lab Report Spectroscopy of Salicylates | Lab Report The scenario is that a woman has been stopped by the police due to the condition of her driving. She tells the police that her driving was erratic due to trying to take the lid of a bottle of aspirin which she required for a severe headache. The police could not find the aspirin bottle within the car and the woman then told the police that it got thrown out of the vehicle. Serums samples were taken from the woman to do alcohol and drug tests. Aspirin is an analgesic drug that provides pain relief without causing unconsciousness and anesthesia. Aspirin is used to help with pain, fever, osteoarthritis, inflammatory conditions, migraine headaches and many other things. Salicylates are the main substance in aspirin and this is what is being tested for. To test for this substance visible spectroscopy will be used. Spectroscopy has a variety of methods that are the interaction between light and matter. For this practical the method used is visible spectroscopy via the use of a spectrophotometer. This equipment measures the amount of light absorbed by passing a beam of light through the sample and the amount of light is measured by a detector. This produces an absorbance value which can be used to calculate concentrations. The aim of this test is to calculate the concentration of the serum samples to find out whether the levels of salicylic acid in these samples are toxic or not. Methods and Materials The materials that were used are 0.2mg/ml Salicylic acid, Ferric Nitrate solution, 0.039M HNO3, water and a sample of the womans serum. The equipment used was a spectrophotometer, a graduated pipette and cuvettes. To be able to find out the salicylic acid concentrations of the serum samples, six standard solutions had to be created first. Each standard solution was composed of a combination of H2O, salicylic acid, Ferric nitrate and HNO3 all totalling up to 2ml in each solution. The components of the solutions seen in table 1 were placed into test tubes using a graduated pipette. The solutions were then mixed thoroughly and left for 5 minutes. After five minutes a sample of each solution was placed into cuvettes using the pipette. The spectrophotometer was then set a 540nm.Using solution 1 as the blank; the spectrophotometer was then set to zero. Every other standard solution was then inserted into the spectrophotometer to obtain absorption measurements using the blank as a zero reference. Three 2ml samples of the womans serum were then created using a combination of the materials seen above. The components of the serum solutions were then placed into test tubes at the volumes shown in table 2. These samples were then mixed thoroughly and left for five minutes. After five minutes the samples were then placed into cuvettes, and then the spectrophotometer. The spectrophotometer was again set at 540nm and the serum blank used as the blank. The other two serum samples were then placed into the machine and the absorption results recorded. Results The measurements from the spectrophotometer where recorded and concentrations of Salicylic acid calculated for the standard solution. These concentrations then created a calibration curve to allow the serum sample concentrations to be discovered. The concentrations in table 3 where calculated using C1V1=C2V2. Where C1 is 0.02mg/ml, the original concentration of salicylic acid, V1 is the volume of salicylic acid, C2 is the unknown concentration and V2 is 1ml, the total volume of H2O and Salicylic acid. For example standard 3 has the concentration 0.06mg/ml. From looking at table 1 it is seen that C1 is 0.02mg/ml andV1 is 0.3ml. it is then known that C2 is unknown and V2 is 1ml. The equation is then rearranged to C2 = C1V1/ V2 to produce C2=0.02mg/ml x 0.3ml / 1ml = 0.06mg/ml. The concentration and absorption results are then put into a graph to create a calibration curve. Calibration curve The calibration curve shown in figure 1 was plotted from the results in table 3. This curve was then used to calculate the concentration of the serum solutions. Concentration and absorbance results for the three serum samples The results in table 4 where done as a duplicate to make the results more accurate and reliable but due to an error within the practical. An average was later calculated to correct the inaccuracy created by the error, but ideally the test should have been done with 3 samples. Discussion Using the results from table 4 and the calibration curve from figure one it can be determined if the results agree with the drivers story. The average serum sample had a salicylic acid concentration of 0.116mg/ml. In relation to the standard solutions this result is quite high therefore the results confirm she did in fact take aspirin. From this it cannot be fully determined if the level is toxic or not. Salicylic acid toxicity causes many bio-chemical that target no specific organ. An acute overdose would cause symptoms like nausea, vomiting and tinnitus. If the overdose was chronic there would be symptoms like confusion, fever, hypoxia, dehydration and metabolic acidosis. Other symptoms of toxicity are respiratory alkalosis, alkaline urine and headaches. Comparing the symptoms with the scenario some of the symptoms could explain the reasons for her erratic driving but there still could be other reasons. Serum levels of salicylic acid provide if the ingested amount was therapeutic, toxic or chronic toxicity. A therapeutic level is 15-30mg/ml and a toxic level is 40-50mg/ml. Any serum level above 60mg/ml is a chronic level. To compare the concentration of the serum to toxicity levels the serum concentration must be converted to mg/dl. For this it is need to be known that there are 100 millilitres in 1 decilitre, therefore 0.116mg/ml needs to be multiplied by one hundred. The serum level is then 11.6mg/dl; this level is not a toxic level but does confirm that aspirin was taken at a possible therapeutic level. This confirms that the woman was telling the truth about taking aspirin but does not confirm why her driving was erratic. Other test could also be done to test for salicylic acid, these as urine pH, a bedside ferric chloride test and arterial blood gases. Also high-performance liquid chromatography could be used but this requires time that would not be available in a serious toxicity. Salicylic acid has many related compounds, for example, benzoic acid, phenol, magnesium salicylate and aminosalicylic acid. Test for these could also be done to help determine the source. Conclusion In conclusion the results from the visible spectroscopy show that the woman did not have salicylic acid toxicity even though she did take aspirin. As her levels where not toxic there has to be another reason for her driving. To confirm this more test could be done like the urine pH and the arterial blood gasses. Also test on the related compounds could be carried out to confirm is she did take aspirin or if the levels in of salicylate in her blood are from elsewhere. The next thing to do would be to test for alcohol and other drugs both legal and illegal. Other drugs to test for could be things like cocaine, opiates, amphetamines, marijuana, methadone, tramadol and oxycodone. These could be testing for either through the blood, urine or hair.

Germany and its Economy Essay -- Economics

Germany and its Economy Known as the "fair" capital, Germany lies in the center of Europe and in the center of the European home market. Approximately two thirds of the top international fairs take place in Germany. Germany is successful. A leader in world trade, Germany is the third largest economy in the world and the biggest market in Europe. It wasn't always this way though; European power struggles wounded the country in two devastating World Wars in the first half of the 20th century and left the country dominated by the victorious Allied powers of the US, UK, France, and the Soviet Union in 1945. Germany has been through all of the phases of the business cycle many times. It even suffered immense depression after World War One in the early 20th century. The Treaty of Versailles dug a deep hole in Germany's economy because the Allies had gotten a little greedy with their revenge. Payments made by Germany to the Allies represented a drain of capital that would have otherwise been directed toward the growth of German industry. In order to pay its debts for World War I, Germany engaged in a huge "hyperinflation" of its currency, printing paper marks until, in 1923, when they became worthless. The destruction of the currency wiped out the people's savings, which meant that there would be very little capital available within the German economy for years to come. With Adolf Hitler rising to power in 1933, the German economy became increasingly socialized and militarized, passing through recovery to prosperity, which scared their foreign investors and made a healthy economic recovery nonexistent. Germany is referred to as a "social" market economy and remains a key member of Europe's economic, polit... ...Germany is doing well other than a few scarcities. Because they are the third leading economy in the world, they rank up there with the U.S.and France. Germany has a few shortages in labor and energy, but overall they succeed in exports and GDP growth. Germany is an economy not much different than our own. Besides both being defined as market economies, Germany and the U.S. also share the same periods of business cycle changes. They both experienced the Great Depression in the 1920's and '30s and are even witnessing a recession now. I would agree that an economy is just like a business. An economy goes through the same downfalls and good times just like a business, an economy experiences depressions, recessions, recoveries and prosperities and the goal of an economy is to have a surplus of money while supplying its citizens with needed goods and services.

Role of Ngo in Devlopment

Several Nags have worked hand in hand with the Government to ensure hat millions of out of school children are enrolled and continue their school education, thus making the right to education a reality. The leprosy eradication programmer was spearheaded by Nags and today only residual leprosy remains in our country. Nags have implemented the Jayvee Dharma programmer for creation of wells for safe drinking water; promoted community toilets for total sanitation, and supported the public health programs on immunization and for eliminating tuberculosis and malaria.The much celebrated , Normal gram, and Swastika BEMA of the government have their roots in the work of many Nags. Nags eave significantly influenced the development of laws and policies on several important social and developmental issues such as the right to information, Juvenile justice, ending corporal punishment in schools, anti-trafficking, forests and environment, wildlife conservation, women, elderly people, people with disability, rehabilitation and resettlement of development induced displaced people to name a few.Further, Nags made their modest attempts to ensure the effective implementation of these laws and policies by conducting and disseminating findings from participatory research, budget analysis, public hearings, social audits, rockroses, seminars and conferences. Summing up, it is now well established that Nags have an important role to play in the development processes and that both the state and market need the collaboration of credible, active, and accountable Nags.Given their connect with the grassroots realities, Nags can and should play the â€Å"game changer† to pro-poor development through leadership on participatory research, community empowerment and search for development alternatives. 36 Google +0 Telecommuting 0 19 | Latest Articles GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) Why our prayers are not answered? Positive Attitude Support Honesty Peaks E Ashram O Hay 1 20th century transferred the number of issues to its successor with regard to social sector.Perhaps among those most discussion able and dispersing one is â€Å"The Role of MONGO, s largely depending upon the contribution made by the socially developed countries, which on its turn also exalted a number of issues lying under the generous contribution made, by the developed world. But as far as our concern, the presentation contains in itself the evolutionary development of the concept both theoretically and practically emerging the various types of Nags I. E. Heritable organizations, national organizations, community organization boards and international Nags etc.The objectives of these Nags as relief welfare, community development, sustainable system and people's participation are also considered in this work. The role of Nags which are common for almost all the Mongo, s with regard to development in different fields as in education, health, women welfare etc are mostly sponsored b y international Nags. Nags also contribute their due share in the development sector of Pakistan and the facts about their activities funds and utilization of funds is also considered in this presentation.The Nags are also working in rural areas of Pakistan and their programs in these areas are also under the consideration of our paper. So, all the presentation will provide the knowledge and basic facts about the role of Nags in development both at national and international level, their types, work ability and objectives and some fact about their weaknesses. Introduction The term MONGO seems to be deceptively simple. It may overlook the enormous variety and differential capabilities of different Nags. N fact, Nags offer a kaleidoscopic collection of organizations varying in origin, size, programmer, ideology, role strategy, ending, linkages evaluation, problem etc. Nags embrace a bewildering group of organizations varying in terms of innumerable parameters. No standard definition c an include all organizations working at present under the title of MONGO, originally voluntarism was a doctrine which held that the will is dominant factor or it is a principle relying on one's own free will for an action.The definition of Nags vary as:According to Asian Development Bank the term non-governmental organization refers to organization based in government. Not created to earn profit. United Nations defines it â€Å"Nags are private organizations that pursue activities to relieve suffering, promote the interest of poor, protect the environment, provide basic social services or undertake community development

Disney Market Research Essay

In my perspective, methods that can be applied to Disney, which has a variety of different types of products (goods) and services is by applying multiple kinds of qualitative and quantitative methods, approaches, instruments, and with a variety of techniques to collect data and information. As we know that Disney has the products and services, of course, the approach method taken by both of these can be different as well. Goods are something that tangible and service is something intangible. Thus let’s discuss the research methods to be applied in any Disney product services. Disney Theme Park, Resort, Cruise Line and Hotel To explain the research methods to Theme Park etc, those tend to be characterized as a service product. With the research objective to tailor-made Disney products so the approach is the research done by; observations and field surveys on customer satisfaction after the experience they had been acquired compare by their beginning perception. The instrument used is check list for observation, self-administered & mail (online) questioners for survey, qualitative measures technological devices and interviewed guidelines for interview (personal intercept and telephone as well). Sampling techniques used is simple random sampling. Disney Studios(Movies and Music) Research approaches used for this product are observation the Disney movies and music, survey by online to the random viewers and listeners because used of purposive random sampling as a sample, qualitative measures technological devices and interviewed guidelines for interview as well. In this case we need moderator who is able to conduct a group discussion. Disney Media Network (Cable TV & Radio) Owing to the product characteristics similar to Disney studios, the method was almost the same, except the respondents are pay TV viewers and radio listeners. Disney Interactive (Social, Console Games, etc) Research approaches used for this product are observation, survey by online to the random gamers and users because used of purposive random sampling as a sample, qualitative measures technological devices and interviewed guidelines for interview as well. In this case we need moderator who is able to conduct a group discussion. Disney Consumer Products (Books, Toys & Clothes) Research approaches used for this goods product are observation, survey by intercept the consumer who bought the products at the store, qualitative measures technological devices and interviewed guidelines for interview as well. Sampling techniques used is simple random sampling with cluster samples divided by products. Â